Don’t Miss out on these 24 Amazing Python Libraries for Data Science

Shubham Singh 24 Aug, 2022 • 14 min read

Overview

  • Check out our pick of the top 24 Python libraries for data science
  • We’ve divided these libraries into various data science functions, such as data collection, data cleaning, data exploration, modeling, among others
  • Any Python libraries you feel we should include? Let us know!

 

Introduction

I’m a massive fan of the Python language. It was the first programming language I learned for data science and it has been a constant companion ever since. Three things stand out about Python for me:

  • Its ease and flexibility
  • Industry-wide acceptance: It is far and away the most popular language for data science in the industry
  • The sheer number of Python libraries for data science

In fact, there are so many Python libraries out there that it can become overwhelming to keep abreast of what’s out there. That’s why I decided to take away that pain and compile this list of 24 awesome Python libraries covering the end-to-end data science lifecycle.

python_libraries

That’s right – I’ve categorized these libraries by their respective roles in data science. So I’ve mentioned libraries for data cleaning, data manipulation, visualization, building models and even model deployment (among others). This is quite a comprehensive list to get you started on your data science journey using Python.

 

Python libraries for different data science tasks:

  • Python Libraries for Data Collection
    • Beautiful Soup
    • Scrapy
    • Selenium
  • Python Libraries for Data Cleaning and Manipulation
    • Pandas
    • PyOD
    • NumPy
    • Spacy
  • Python Libraries for Data Visualization
    • Matplotlib
    • Seaborn
    • Bokeh
  • Python Libraries for Modeling
    • Scikit-learn
    • TensorFlow
    • PyTorch
  • Python Libraries for Model Interpretability
    • Lime
    • H2O
  • Python Libraries for Audio Processing
    • Librosa
    • Madmom
    • pyAudioAnalysis
  • Python Libraries for Image Processing
    • OpenCV-Python
    • Scikit-image
    • Pillow
  • Python Libraries for Database
    • Psycopg
    • SQLAlchemy
  • Python Libraries for Deployment
    • Flask

 

Python Libraries for Data Collection

Have you ever faced a situation where you just didn’t have enough data for a problem you wanted to solve? It’s an eternal issue in data science. That’s why learning how to extract and collect data is a very crucial skill for a data scientist. It opens up avenues that were not previously possible.

So here are three useful Python libraries for extracting and collection data.

 

Beautiful Soup

One of the best ways of collecting data is by scraping websites (ethically and legally of course!). Doing it manually takes way too much manual effort and time. Beautiful Soup is your savior here.

Beautiful Soup is an HTML and XML parser which creates parse trees for parsed pages which is used to extract data from webpages.  This process of extracting data from web pages is called web scraping.

Use the following code to install BeautifulSoup:

pip install beautifulsoup4

Here’s a simple code to implement Beautiful Soup for extracting all the anchor tags from HTML:

I recommend going through the below article to learn how to use Beautiful Soup in Python:

 

Scrapy

Scrapy is another super useful Python library for web scraping. It is an open source and collaborative framework for extracting the data you require from websites. It is fast and simple to use.

Here’s the code to install Scrapy:

pip install scrapy

scrapy

It is a framework for large scale web scraping. It gives you all the tools you need to efficiently extract data from websites, process them as you want, and store them in your preferred structure and format.

Here’s a simple code to implement Scrapy:

Here’s the perfect tutorial to learn Scrapy and implement it in Python:

 

Selenium

Selenium is a popular tool for automating browsers. It’s primarily used for testing in the industry but is also very handy for web scraping. Selenium is actually becoming quite popular in the IT field so I’m sure a lot of you would have at least heard about it.

https://cdn.analyticsvidhya.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/selenium.png

We can easily program a Python script to automate a web browser using Selenium. It gives us the freedom we need to efficiently extract the data and store it in our preferred format for future use.

I wrote an article recently about scraping YouTube video data using Python and Selenium:

 

Python Libraries for Data Cleaning and Manipulation

Alright – so you’ve collected your data and are ready to dive in. Now it’s time to clean any messy data we might be faced with and learn how to manipulate it so our data is ready for modeling.

Here are four Python libraries that will help you do just that. Remember, we’ll be dealing with both structured (numerical) as well as text data (unstructured) in the real-world – and this list of libraries covers it all.

 

Pandas

When it comes to data manipulation and analysis, nothing beats Pandas. It is the most popular Python library, period. Pandas is written in the Python language especially for manipulation and analysis tasks.

The name is derived from the term “panel data”, an econometrics term for datasets that include observations over multiple time periods for the same individuals. – Wikipedia

Pandas come pre-installed with Python or Anaconda but here’s the code in case required:

pip install pandas

Image result for pandas python library

Pandas provides features like:

  • Dataset joining and merging
  • Data Structure column deletion and insertion
  • Data filtration
  • Reshaping datasets
  • DataFrame objects to manipulate data, and much more!

Here is an article and an awesome cheatsheet to get your Pandas skills right up to scratch:

 

PyOD

Struggling with detecting outliers? You’re not alone. It’s a common problem among aspiring (and even established) data scientists. How do you define outliers in the first place?

Don’t worry, the PyOD library is here to your rescue.

PyOD is a comprehensive and scalable Python toolkit for detecting outlying objects. Outlier detection is basically identifying rare items or observations which are different significantly from the majority of data.

You can download pyOD by using the below code:

pip install pyod

How does PyOD work and how can you implement it on your own? Well, the below guide will answer all your PyOD questions:

 

NumPy

NumPy, like Pandas, is an incredibly popular Python library. NumPy brings in functions to support large multi-dimensional arrays and matrices. It also brings in high-level mathematical functions to work with these arrays and matrices.

NumPy is an open-source library and has multiple contributors. It comes pre-installed with Anaconda and Python but here’s the code to install it in case you need it at some point:

$ pip install numpy

Image result for numpy

Below are some of the basic functions you can perform using NumPy:

Array creation

output - [1 2 3]
         [0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9]

Basic operations

output - [1. 1.33333333 1.66666667 4. ]
         [ 1 4 9 36]

And a whole lot more!

 

SpaCy

We’ve discussed how to clean and manipulate numerical data so far. But what if you’re working on text data? The libraries we’ve seen so far might not cut it.

Step up, spaCy. It is a super useful and flexible Natural Language Processing (NLP) library and framework to clean text documents for model creation. SpaCy is fast as compared to other libraries which are used for similar tasks.

To install Spacy in Linux:

pip install -U spacy
python -m spacy download en

To install it on other operating systems, go through this link.

Image result for spacy

Of course we have you covered for learning spaCy:

 

Python Libraries for Data Visualization

So what’s next? My favorite aspect of the entire data science pipeline – data visualization! This is where our hypotheses are checked, hidden insights are unearthed and patterns are found.

Here are three awesome Python libraries for data visualization.

 

Matplotlib

Matplotlib is the most popular data visualization library in Python. It allows us to generate and build plots of all kinds. This is my go-to library for exploring data visually along with Seaborn (more of that later).

You can install matplotlib through the following code:

$ pip install matplotlib

Image result for matplotlib

Below are a few examples of different kind of plots we can build using matplotlib:

Histogram

3D Graph

Since we’ve covered Pandas, NumPy and now matplotlib, check out the below tutorial meshing all these three Python libraries:

 

Seaborn

Seaborn is another plotting library based on matplotlib. It is a python library that provides high level interface for drawing attractive graphs. What matplotlib can do, Seaborn just does it in a more visually appealing manner.

Some of the features of Seaborn are:

  • A dataset-oriented API for examining relationships between multiple variables
  • Convenient views onto the overall structure of complex datasets
  • Tools for choosing color palettes that reveal patterns in your data

You can install Seaborn using just one line of code:

pip install seaborn

Image result for seaborn python

Let’s go through some cool graphs to see what seaborn can do:

Here’s another example:

Got to love Seaborn!

 

Bokeh

Bokeh is an interactive visualization library that targets modern web browsers for presentation. It provides elegant construction of versatile graphics for a large number of datasets.

Bokeh can be used to create interactive plots, dashboards and data applications. You’ll be pretty familiar with the installation process by now:

pip install bokeh

Bokeh_Introduction

Feel free to go through the following article to learn more about Bokeh and see it in action:

 

Python Libraries for Modeling

And we’ve arrived at the most anticipated section of this article – building models! That’s the reason most of us got into data science in the first place, isn’t it?

Let’s explore model building through these three Python libraries.

 

Scikit-learn

Like Pandas for data manipulation and matplotlib for visualization, scikit-learn is the Python leader for building models. There is just nothing else that compares to it.

In fact, scikit-learn is built on NumPy, SciPy and matplotlib. It is open source and accessible to everyone and reusable in various contexts.

Image result for scikit learn

Here’s how you can install it:

pip install scikit-learn

Scikit-learn supports different operations that are performed in machine learning like classification, regression, clustering, model selection, etc. You name it – and scikit-learn has a module for that.

I’d also recommend going through the following link to learn more about scikit-learn:

 

TensorFlow

Developed by Google, TensorFlow is a popular deep learning library that helps you build and train different models. It is an open source end-to-end platform. TensorFlow provides easy model building, robust machine learning production, and powerful experimentation tools and libraries.

An entire ecosystem to help you solve challenging, real-world problems with Machine Learning – Google

TensorFlow provides multiple levels of abstraction for you to choose from according to your need. It is used for building and training models by using the high-level Keras API, which makes getting started with TensorFlow and machine learning easy.

Go through this link to see the installation processes. And get started with TensorFlow using these articles:

 

PyTorch

What is PyTorch? Well, it’s a Python-based scientific computing package that can be used as:

  • A replacement for NumPy to use the power of GPUs
  • A deep learning research platform that provides maximum flexibility and speed

Go here to check out the installation process for different operating systems.

PyTorch offers the below features:

  • Hybrid Front-End
  • Tools and libraries: An active community of researchers and developers have built a rich ecosystem of tools and libraries for extending PyTorch and supporting development in areas from computer vision to reinforcement learning
  • Cloud support: PyTorch is well supported on major cloud platforms, providing frictionless development and easy scaling through prebuilt images, large scale training on GPUs, ability to run models in a production scale environment, and more

Here are two incredibly detailed and simple-to-understand articles on PyTorch:

 

Python Libraries for Data Interpretability

Do you truly understand how your model is working? Can you explain why your model came up with the results that it did? These are questions every data scientist should be able to answer. Building a black box model is of no use in the industry.

So, I’ve mentioned two Python libraries that will help you interpret your model’s performance.

 

LIME

LIME is an algorithm (and library) that can explain the predictions of any classifier or regressor. How does LIME do this? By approximating it locally with an interpretable model. Inspired from the paper “Why Should I Trust You?”: Explaining the Predictions of Any Classifier”, this model interpreter can be used to generate explanations of any classification algorithm.

LIME

Installing LIME is this easy:

pip install lime

This article will help build an intuition behind LIME and model interpretability in general:

 

H2O

I’m sure a lot of you will have heard of H2O.ai. They are market leaders in automated machine learning. But did you know they also have a model interpretability library in Python?

H2O’s driverless AI offers simple data visualization techniques for representing high-degree feature interactions and nonlinear model behavior. It provides Machine Learning Interpretability (MLI) through visualizations that clarify modeling results and the effect of features in a model.

Image result for H2O python

Go through the following link to read more about H2O’s Driverless AI perform MLI.

 

Python Libraries for Audio Processing

Audio processing or audio analysis refers to the extraction of information and meaning from audio signals for analysis or classification or any other task. It’s becoming a popular function in deep learning so keep an ear out for that.

 

LibROSA

LibROSA is a Python library for music and audio analysis. It provides the building blocks necessary to create music information retrieval systems.

Click this link to check out the installation details.

librosa

Here’s an in-depth article on audio processing and how it works:

 

Madmom

The name might sound funny, but Madmom is a pretty nifty audio data analysis Python library. It is an audio signal processing library written in Python with a strong focus on music information retrieval (MIR) tasks.

You need the following prerequisites to install Madmom:

  • NumPy
  • SciPy
  • Cython
  • Mido

And you need the below packages to test the installation:

  • PyTest
  • PyAudio
  • PyFftw

The code to install Madmom:

pip install madmom

madmom python

We even have an article to learn how Madmom works for music information retrieval:

 

pyAudioAnalysis

pyAudioAnalysis is a Python library for audio feature extraction, classification, and segmentation. It covers a wide range of audio analysis tasks, such as:

  • Classify unknown sounds
  • Detect audio events and exclude silence periods from long recordings
  • Perform supervised and unsupervised segmentation
  • Extract audio thumbnails and much more

You can install it by using the following code:

pip install pyAudioAnalysis

pyaudioanalysis

Python Libraries for Image Processing

You must learn how to work with image data if you’re looking for a role in the data science industry. Image processing is becoming ubiquitous as organizations are able to collect more and more data (thanks largely to advancements in computational resources).

So make sure you’re comfortable with at least one of the below three Python libraries.

 

OpenCV-Python

When it comes to image processing, OpenCV is the first name that comes to my mind. OpenCV-Python is the Python API for image processing, combining the best qualities of the OpenCV C++ API and the Python language.

It is mainly designed to solve computer vision problems.

OpenCV-Python makes use of NumPy, which we’ve seen above. All the OpenCV array structures are converted to and from NumPy arrays. This also makes it easier to integrate with other libraries that use NumPy such as SciPy and Matplotlib.

opencv

Install OpenCV-Python in your system:

pip3 install opencv-python

Here are two popular tutorials on how to use OpenCV in Python:

 

Scikit-image

Another python dependency for image processing is Scikit-image. It is a collection of algorithms for performing multiple and diverse image processing tasks.

You can use it to perform image segmentation, geometric transformations, color space manipulation, analysis, filtering, morphology, feature detection, and much more.

We need to have the below packages before installing scikit-image:

  • Python (>= 3.5)
  • NumPy (>= 1.11.0)
  • SciPy (>= 0.17.0)
  • joblib (>= 0.11)

And this is how you can install scikit-image on your machine:

pip install -U scikit-learn

scikit-image

 

Pillow

Pillow is the newer version of PIL (Python Imaging Library). It is forked from PIL and has been adopted as a replacement for the original PIL in some Linux distributions like Ubuntu.

Pillow offers several standard procedures for performing image manipulation:

  • Per-pixel manipulations
  • Masking and transparency handling
  • Image filtering, such as blurring, contouring, smoothing, or edge finding
  • Image enhancing, such as sharpening, adjusting brightness, contrast or color
  • Adding text to images, and much more!

How to install Pillow? It’s this simple:

pip install Pillow

Check out the following AI comic illustrating the use of Pillow in computer vision:

 

Python Libraries for Database

Learning how to store, access and retrieve data from a database is a must-have skill for any data scientist. You simply cannot escape from this aspect of the role. Building models is great but how would you do that without first retrieving the data?

I’ve picked out two Python libraries related to SQL that you might find useful.

 

psycopg

Psycopg is the most popular PostgreSQL (an advanced open source relational database ) adapter for the Python programming language. At its core, Psycopg fully implements the Python DB API 2.0 specifications.

Image result for psycopg

The current psycopg2 implementation supports:

  • Python version 2.7
  • Python 3 versions from 3.4 to 3.7
  • PostgreSQL server versions from 7.4 to 11
  • PostgreSQL client library version from 9.1

Here’s how you can install psycopg2:

pip install psycopg2

 

SQLAlchemy

Ah, SQL. The most popular database language. SQLAlchemy, a Python SQL toolkit and Object Relational Mapper, gives application developers the full power and flexibility of SQL.

It is designed for efficient and high-performing database access. SQLAlchemy considers the database to be a relational algebra engine, not just a collection of tables.

To install SQLAlchemy, you can use the following line of code:

pip install SQLAlchemy

 

Python Libraries for Deployment

Do you know what model deployment is? If not, you should learn this ASAP. Deploying a model means putting your final model into the final application (or the production environment as it’s technically called).

 

Flask

Flask is a web framework written in Python that is popularly used for deploying data science models. Flask has two components:

  • Werkzeug: It is a utility library for the Python programming language
  • Jinja: It is a template engine for Python

Image result for flask python

Check out the example below to print “Hello world”:

The below article is a good starting point to learn Flask:

 

End Notes

In this article, we saw a huge bundle of python libraries that are commonly used while doing a data science project. There are a LOT more libraries that are out there but these are the core ones every data scientist should know.

Any Python libraries I missed? Or any library from our list which you particularly found useful? Let me know in the comments section below!

Shubham Singh 24 Aug 2022

Frequently Asked Questions

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Responses From Readers

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RDK
RDK 05 Jul, 2019

Did you miss Altair as the grammar based visualization library?

Nathan
Nathan 07 Jul, 2019

I'm not sure how yellowbrick is excluded when it comes to data visualization for machine learning.

Sunil Kumar
Sunil Kumar 07 Jul, 2019

Ver helpful Article.. Thanks a lot!

Subrahmanya V
Subrahmanya V 07 Jul, 2019

Excellent compilation...

Pablo T
Pablo T 09 Jul, 2019

Good article Shubham! Thanks for collating

PriyankaT
PriyankaT 12 Aug, 2019

Hi, I am getting an error while installing the ficafi library. Error is: version error version not supported. Interesting thing is, I googled this error and this library but I couldn’t find anything. please help.

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