Multicollinearity might be a handful to pronounce, but it’s a topic you should be aware of in the field of data science and machine learning, especially if you’re sitting for data scientist interviews! In this article, we will understand what multicollinearity is and how it is caused. We will also try to understand why it is a problem and how we can detect and fix it. Also you will get to know proper understanding about Multicollinearity meaning, vif for multicollinearity and also about the multicollinearity in regression so on these topics you will get the insights on the article.
Before diving further, it is imperative to have a basic understanding of regression and some statistical terms. For this, I highly recommend going through the below resources:
In this article, you will learn what multicollinearity is, how it affects regression analysis, and the role of VIF in identifying multicollinearity in regression models.
Learning Objective
Multicollinearity is a statistical phenomenon that occurs when two or more independent variables in a regression model are highly correlated, indicating a strong linear relationship among the predictor variables. This issue complicates regression analysis by making it difficult to accurately determine the individual effects of each independent variable on the dependent variable.
The presence of multicollinearity can lead to unstable and unreliable coefficient estimates, making it challenging to interpret the results and draw meaningful conclusions from the model. Detecting and addressing multicollinearity is crucial to ensure the validity and robustness of regression models. For example, in a regression model, variables such as height and weight or household income and water consumption often show high correlation.
An everyday example of multicollinearity can be illustrated with Colin, who experiences happiness from watching television while eating chips. His happiness is hard to attribute to either activity individually because the more television he watches, the more chips he eats, making the two activities highly correlated.
This makes it difficult to determine whether his happiness is more influenced by eating chips or watching television, exemplifying the multicollinearity problem. In the context of machine learning, multicollinearity, marked by a correlation coefficient close to +1.0 or -1.0 between variables, can lead to less dependable statistical conclusions. Therefore, managing multicollinearity is essential in predictive modeling to obtain reliable and interpretable results.
Multicollinearity can be a problem in a regression model when using algorithms such as OLS (ordinary least squares) in statsmodels. This is because the estimated regression coefficients become unstable and difficult to interpret in the presence of multicollinearity. Statsmodels is a Python library that provides a range of tools for statistical analysis, including regression analysis.
When multicollinearity is present, the estimated regression coefficients may become large and unpredictable, leading to unreliable inferences about the effects of the predictor variables on the response variable. Therefore, it is important to check for multicollinearity and consider using other regression techniques that can handle this problem, such as ridge regression or principal component regression.
For example, let’s assume that in the following linear equation:
Y = W0+W1*X1+W2*X2
Coefficient W1 is the increase in Y for a unit increase in X1 while keeping X2 constant. But since X1 and X2 are highly correlated, changes in X1 would also cause changes in X2, and we would not be able to see their individual effect on Y.
The regression coefficient, also known as the beta coefficient, measures the strength and direction of the relationship between a predictor variable (X) and the response variable (Y). In the presence of multicollinearity, the regression coefficients become unstable and difficult to interpret because the variance of the coefficients becomes large. This results in wide confidence intervals and increased variability in the predicted values of Y for a given value of X. As a result, it becomes challenging to determine the individual contribution of each predictor variable to the response variable and make reliable inferences about their effects on Y.
“ This makes the effects of X1 on Y difficult to distinguish from the effects of X2 on Y. ”
Multicollinearity may not affect the accuracy of the machine-learning model as much. But we might lose reliability in determining the effects of individual features in your model – and that can be a problem when it comes to interpretability.
In a linear regression, multicollinear variables are those in which two or more independent variables significantly correlate with one another. As a result, the model may encounter problems like:
Unpredictable Coefficients: Even with minor model tweaks, if the values (coefficients) indicating the influences of each variable vary greatly, they may lose some of their dependability.
Complicated: Due to the substantial information overlap between the variables, it is difficult to pinpoint each one’s exact contribution to the final result.
Increased variability: Because of the higher level of uncertainty in the predicted coefficients, it is more challenging to assess the significance of the variables.
Multicollinearity can make a model less predictive, but it can also make interpretation more difficult and cause trust in the findings to be misplaced.
Multicollinearity could occur due to the following problems:
Let’s try detecting multicollinearity in a dataset to give you a flavor of what can go wrong.
I have created a dataset determining the salary of a person in a company based on the following features:
df=pd.read_csv(r'C:/Users/Dell/Desktop/salary.csv')
df.head()
In Python, there are several ways to detect multicollinearity in a dataset, such as using the Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) or calculating the correlation matrix of the independent variables. To address multicollinearity, techniques such as regularization or feature selection can be applied to select a subset of independent variables that are not highly correlated with each other. In this article, we will focus on the most common one – VIF (Variance Inflation Factors).
” VIF determines the strength of the correlation between the independent variables. It is predicted by taking a variable and regressing it against every other variable. “
or
VIF score of an independent variable represents how well the variable is explained by other independent variables.
R^2 value is determined to find out how well an independent variable is described by the other independent variables. A high value of R^2 means that the variable is highly correlated with the other variables. This is captured by the VIF, which is denoted below:
So, the closer the R^2 value to 1, the higher the value of VIF and the higher the multicollinearity with the particular independent variable.
# Import library for VIF
from statsmodels.stats.outliers_influence import variance_inflation_factor
def calc_vif(X):
# Calculating VIF
vif = pd.DataFrame()
vif["variables"] = X.columns
vif["VIF"] = [variance_inflation_factor(X.values, i) for i in range(X.shape[1])]
return(vif)
X = df.iloc[:,:-1]
calc_vif(X)
view raw
We can see here that the ‘Age’ and ‘Years of service’ have a high VIF value, meaning they can be predicted by other independent variables in the dataset.
Although correlation matrix and scatter plots can also be used to find multicollinearity, their findings only show the bivariate relationship between the independent variables. VIF is preferred as it can show the correlation of a variable with a group of other variables.
Dropping one of the correlated features will help in bringing down the multicollinearity between correlated features:
X = df.drop(['Age','Salary'],axis=1)
calc_vif(X)
The image on the left contains the original VIF value for variables, and the one on the right is after dropping the ‘Age’ variable. We were able to drop the variable ‘Age’ from the dataset because its information was being captured by the ‘Years of service’ variable. This has reduced the redundancy in our dataset. Dropping variables should be an iterative process starting with the variable having the largest VIF value because other variables highly capture its trend. If you do this, you will notice that VIF values for other variables would have reduced, too, although to a varying extent.
In our example, after dropping the ‘Age’ variable, VIF values for all variables have decreased to varying degrees.
Next, combine the correlated variables into one and drop the others. This will reduce the multicollinearity.
df2 = df.copy()
df2['Age_at_joining'] = df.apply(lambda x: x['Age'] - x['Years of service'],axis=1)
X = df2.drop(['Age','Years of service','Salary'],axis=1)
calc_vif(X)
The image on the left contains the original VIF value for variables, and the one on the right is after combining the ‘Age’ and ‘Years of service’ variables. Combining ‘Age’ and ‘Years of experience’ into a single variable, ‘Age_at_joining’ allows us to capture the information in both variables.
However, multicollinearity may not be a problem every time. The need to fix multicollinearity depends primarily on the following reasons:
To interpret MultiCollinearity in Spass here are Some Points:
We learned how the problem of multicollinearity could occur in regression models when two or more independent variables in a data frame have a high correlation with one another. Its presence can cause the regression coefficients to become unstable and difficult to interpret, which can lead to wide confidence intervals and increased variability in the predicted values of the dependent variable. Understanding what causes it and how to detect and fix it can help us to overcome these problems.
In this article, we explored how the Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) can be used to detect the existence of multicollinearity in our dataset and how to fix the problem by identifying and dropping the correlated variables. Remember, when assessing the statistical significance of predictor variables in a regression model, it is important to consider their individual coefficients and their standard errors, p-values, and confidence intervals. Predictor variables with high multicollinearity may have inflated standard errors and p-values, which can lead to incorrect conclusions about their statistical significance.
Hope you like the article on multicollinearity in regression! So, what is multicollinearity? It occurs when independent variables are closely related, making it hard to see their individual effects. This can inflate standard errors and lead to unreliable results. The Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) is a useful tool to check for multicollinearity, helping you decide if you need to adjust your variables for clearer analysis
If you want to understand other regression models or want to understand model interpretation, I highly recommend going through the following wonderfully written articles:
As a next step, you should also check out the Fundamentals of Regression (free) course.
A. Use scatter plots for visual relationships, correlation coefficients for numerical strength and direction, and linear regression models for prediction, with high R-squared values indicating strong linear relationships.
A. VIF detects multicollinearity among predictors, with high values indicating high collinearity. High R-squared values indicate a strong linear relationship in regression models but don’t directly indicate multicollinearity.
A. VIF identifies variables contributing to multicollinearity. Removing high VIF variables reduces multicollinearity, improving regression model accuracy and stability. Values above 5 or 10 are typically targeted.
A. Multicollinearity occurs when two or more independent variables in a regression model are highly correlated, making it difficult to determine their individual effects on the dependent variable.
How does non linear algo handle multi colinearity
For tree-based algorithms, multicollinearity wouldn't matter much as they split on the feature that gives higher information gain. However, for other algorithms like polynomial regression and SVM, regularization can be used.
Hi Aniruddha, when you wrote "Coefficient W1 is the increase in Y for a unit increase in W1 while keeping X2 constant." didn't you mean "Coefficient W1 is the increase in Y for a unit increase in X1 while keeping X2 constant."? Cheers, Chris.
Hey Chris, thanks for pointing out the mistake.
Hi Aniruddha I found this article very useful, could you share dataset so that readers may implement code at their end to get maximum out of this article
Hi Parvesh Glad you liked the article. I created a dummy dataset for this article. You can access it at this link. Thanks
Thank you for explaining this in such fashion, it helped me understand what is and how to deal with VIF.
Thanks for the article. When you talked categorical data being hot encoded, do we still need to perform the VIF on the encoded variable to see if it is highly correlated to other variables?
Yes, you can check the multicollinearity.
My every doubt regarding Reduction of Multivariate correlation is cleared by this article. Thank You very much.
Glad you found it useful!
Hi ANIRUDDHA, excellent post straight to the point. I might add the level of when VIF might become problematic. In general, if the VIF value exceeds 5 - 10 indicates a problem (source: Introduction to Statistical Learning, page 101). Cheerio, Franco
Thanks, Franco!
great article. thanks.
very informative .Thanks for such a clear explanation
Hi Aniruddha, Great post, very informative and easy to understand! There is only one thing I would change: you are not taking into consideration the intercept, which is something you really want to do. Try your method with the Boston data set and then compare it to the results shown in page 114 of the book ISLR, you will see the difference. The problem is that the stastsmodels library is the one ignoring the intercept, so you should add it. I added this to your code: from statsmodels.tools.tools import add_constant def calc_vif(df): X = df.copy() X = add_constant(X) # Calculating VIF vif = pd.DataFrame() vif["variables"] = X.columns vif["VIF"] = [variance_inflation_factor(X.values, i) for i in range(X.shape[1])] return vif X = boston.iloc[:,:-1] calc_vif(X).T Hope it helps! Jesus Inciarte.
Just a corrections ,its Variance inflation factor not Variable inflation factor. Please change it
Thank you for this very informative article sir. May I ask, if independent variables are perfectly correlated, could the f ratio be defined?
Dear Aniruddha, Thank you for your comprehensive and insightful article on multicollinearity, its causes, effects and detection using VIF. I appreciate the time and effort you put into explaining this concept so thoroughly, especially the section on Variance Inflation Factor (VIF). Your clear and practical explanation of how to use VIF to identify multicollinearity in a dataset is especially useful. Thanks again for this valuable resource!
I satisfied with your note.So,go ahead provide such a smart note.
you described R^2 as R^2 value is determined to find out how well an independent variable is described by the other independent variables. here you made mistake by placing independent instead of dependent variable The correct would be R^2 value is determined to find out how well an dependent variable is described by the other independent variables.