How to Evaluate a Large Language Model (LLM)?
Introduction
With the release of Chatgpt and other Large Language Models (LLMs), there has been a significant increase in the number of models available. New LLMs are being released every other day. Despite this, there is still no fixed or standardized way to evaluate the quality of these Large Language models. This article will review the existing evaluation frameworks for Large Language Models (LLMs) and systems based on LLMs. Additionally, we will also try to analyze what factors an LLM should be evaluated on.
Table of Contents
Why Do LLMs Need a Comprehensive Evaluation Framework?
During the early stages of technology development, it is easier to identify areas for improvement. However, as technology advances and new alternatives become available, it becomes increasingly difficult to determine which option is best. This makes it essential to have a reliable evaluation framework that can accurately judge the quality of LLMs.
In the case of LLMs, the immediate need for an authentic evaluation framework becomes even more important. Such a framework can be used to evaluate LLMs in the following three ways-
- A proper framework will help the authorities and concerned agencies to assess the safety, accuracy, reliability, or usability issues of a model.
- Currently, there seems to be a blind race among big tech companies to release LLMs, with many simply placing disclaimers on their products to absolve themselves of responsibility. Developing a comprehensive evaluation framework would help stakeholders to release these models more responsibly.
- A comprehensive evaluation framework will also help users of these LLMs determine where and how to fine-tune these models and with what additional data to enable practical deployment.
In the next section, we will review the current evaluation models.
What Are the Existing Evaluation Frameworks for LLMs?
It is essential to evaluate Large Language Models to determine their quality and usefulness in various applications. Several frameworks have been developed to evaluate LLMs, but none of them are comprehensive enough to cover all aspects of language understanding. Let’s take a look at some major existing evaluation frameworks.
Table of the Major Existing Evaluation Frameworks
| Framework Name | Factors Considered for Evaluation | Url Link |
| Big Bench | Generalization abilities | https://github.com/google/BIG-bench |
| GLUE Benchmark | Grammar, Paraphrasing, Text Similarity, Inference, Textual Entailment, Resolving Pronoun References | https://gluebenchmark.com/ |
| SuperGLUE Benchmark | Natural Language Understanding, Reasoning, Understanding complex sentences beyond training data, Coherent and Well-Formed Natural Language Generation, Dialogue with Human Beings, Common Sense Reasoning (Everyday Scenarios and Social Norms and Conventions), Information Retrieval, Reading Comprehension | https://super.gluebenchmark.com/ |
| OpenAI Moderation API | Filter out harmful or unsafe content | https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/moderations |
| MMLU | Language understanding across various tasks and domains | https://github.com/hendrycks/test |
| EleutherAI LM Eval | few-shot evaluation and performance in a wide range of tasks with minimal fine-tuning | https://github.com/EleutherAI/lm-evaluation-harness |
| OpenAI Evals | Accuracy, Diversity, Consistency, Robustness, Transferability, Efficiency, Fairness of text generated | https://github.com/openai/evals |
| Adversarial NLI (ANLI) | Robustness, Generalization, Coherent explanations for inferences, Consistency of reasoning across similar examples, Efficiency in terms of resource usage (memory usage, inference time, and training time) | https://github.com/facebookresearch/anli |
| LIT (Language Interpretability Tool) | Platform to Evaluate on User Defined Metrics. Insights into their strengths, weaknesses, and potential biases | https://pair-code.github.io/lit/ |
| ParlAI | Accuracy, F1 score, Perplexity (how well the model predicts the next word in a sequence), Human evaluation on criteria like relevance, fluency, and coherence, Speed & resource utilization, Robustness (this evaluates how well the model performs under different conditions such as noisy inputs, adversarial attacks, or varying levels of data quality), Generalization | https://github.com/facebookresearch/ParlAI |
| CoQA | understand a text passage and answer a series of interconnected questions that appear in a conversation. | https://stanfordnlp.github.io/coqa/ |
| LAMBADA | Long-term understanding using prediction of the last word of a passage. | https://zenodo.org/record/2630551#.ZFUKS-zML0p |
| HellaSwag | Reasoning abilities | https://rowanzellers.com/hellaswag/ |
| LogiQA | Logical reasoning abilities | https://github.com/lgw863/LogiQA-dataset |
| MultiNLI | Understanding relationships between sentences across different genres | https://cims.nyu.edu/~sbowman/multinli/ |
| SQUAD | Reading comprehension tasks | https://rajpurkar.github.io/SQuAD-explorer/ |
The Issue With the Existing Frameworks
Each of the above ways to evaluate the Large Language Models has its own advantages. However, there are a few important factors because of which none of the above seems to be sufficient-
- None of the above frameworks considers safety as a factor for evaluation. Although ‘OpenAI Moderation API’ addresses it to some extent, that is not sufficient.
- The above frameworks are scattered in terms of factors on which they evaluate the model. None of them is comprehensive enough to be self-sufficient.
In the next section, we will try to list down all the important factors which should be there in a comprehensive evaluation framework.
What Factors Should Be Considered While Evaluating LLMs?
After reviewing existing evaluation frameworks, the next step is determining which factors should be considered when evaluating the quality of Large Language Models (LLMs). We conducted a survey with a group of 12 data science professionals. These people had a fair understanding of how LLMs work and what they can do. They had also tried and tested multiple LLMs. The survey aimed to list down all the important factors, according to their understanding, on the basis of which they judge the quality of LLMs.
Finally, we found that there are several key factors that should be taken into account:
1. Authenticity
The accuracy of the results generated by LLMs is crucial. This includes the correctness of facts, as well as the accuracy of inferences and solutions.
2. Speed
The speed at which the model can produce results is important, especially when it needs to be deployed for critical use cases. While a slower model may be acceptable in some cases, rapid action teams require quicker models.
3. Grammar and Readability:
LLMs must generate language in a readable format. Ensuring proper grammar and sentence structure is essential.
4. Unbiased:
It’s crucial that LLMs are free from social biases related to gender, race, and other factors.
5. Backtracking
Knowing the source of the model’s inferences is necessary for humans to double-check its basis. Without this, the performance of LLMs remains a black box.
6. Safety & Responsibility
Guardrails for AI models are necessary. Although companies are trying to make these responses safe, there’s still significant room for improvement.
7. Understanding the context
When humans consult AI chatbots for suggestions about their general and personal life, it’s important that the model provides better solutions based on specific conditions. The same question asked in different contexts may have different answers.
8. Text Operations
LLMs should be able to perform basic text operations such as text classification, translation, summarization, and more.
9. IQ
Intelligence Quotient is a metric used to judge human intelligence and can also be applied to machines.
10. EQ
The emotional Quotient is another aspect of human intelligence that can be applied to LLMs. Models with higher EQ will be safer to use.
11. Versatile
The number of domains and languages that the model can cover is another important factor to consider. It can be used to classify the model into General AI or AI specific to a given set of field(s).
12. Real-time update
A system that’s updated with recent information can contribute more broadly and produce better results.
13. Cost
The cost of development and operation should also be considered.
14. Consistency
Same or similar prompts should generate identical or almost identical responses, else ensuring quality in commercial deployment will be difficult.
15. Extent of Prompt Engineering
The level of detailed and structured prompt engineering needed to get the optimal response can also be used to compare two models.
Conclusion
The development of Large Language Models (LLMs) has revolutionized the field of natural language processing. However, there is still a need for a comprehensive and standardized evaluation framework for LLMs to assess the quality of these models. The existing frameworks provide valuable insights, but they lack comprehensiveness and standardization and do not consider safety as a factor for evaluation.
A reliable evaluation framework should consider factors such as authenticity, speed, grammar and readability, unbiasedness, backtracking, safety, understanding context, text operations, IQ, EQ, versatility, and real-time updates. Developing such a framework will help stakeholders release LLMs responsibly and ensure their quality, usability, and safety. Collaborating with relevant agencies and experts is necessary to build an authentic and comprehensive evaluation framework for LLMs.
Frequently Asked Questions
A. Evaluating an LLM performance involves assessing factors such as language fluency, coherence, contextual understanding, factual accuracy, and ability to generate relevant and meaningful responses. Metrics like perplexity, BLEU score, and human evaluations can be used to measure and compare LLM performance.
A. Large Language Models (LLMs) are advanced natural language processing (NLP) models. They understand and generate human-like text by leveraging vast amounts of pre-existing language data and complex machine learning algorithms.
A. GPT-3 developed by OpenAI is an example of a widely known and influential LLM model. It can generate coherent and contextually relevant text responding to prompts, making it versatile for various NLP tasks.
A. Examples of large language models include GPT-3, GPT-2, BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers), T5 (Text-to-Text Transfer Transformer), and XLNet. These models have been trained on massive datasets and demonstrate strong language generation capabilities across domains and applications.
