Hi, Enthusiastic readers!
I have a Masters’s degree in Statistics and a year ago, I stepped into the field of data science. Writing a blog was on my bucket list for many days, and here I am making an attempt to share my knowledge.
The main focus of this article is to introduce hypothesis testing and illustrate with a few examples in Python. Whatever be the concept, its execution can be done easily with programming languages like Python. But, the most important part is drawing inference out of the output and it is highly recommended to know the math behind the executed code.
Hypothesis testing is important in statistics because it gives statistical evidence to show the validity of the study. The null hypothesis states that there is no statistical significance exists between sets of data which implies that the population parameter will be equal to a hypothesized value. Usually, We state the alternative hypothesis which we want to prove. For a null hypothesis H0 and its complementary alternative hypothesis H1, there are 3 cases when the parametric value under H0 ≠ H1 or H0 < H1 or H0 > H1.
Let’s consider a scenario where I have stated the hypothesis, a relevant test statistic, and the Python code for your understanding. I have coded the conclusion part too. Here, I have shared with you few cases instead of covering all. In this blog, I would like to give examples for one sample t-test, two-sample t-test, and paired t-test using Python.
Systolic blood pressures of 14 patients are given below:
183, 152, 178, 157, 194, 163, 144, 114, 178, 152, 118, 158, 172, 138
Test, whether the population mean, is less than 165
H0: There is no significant mean difference in systolic blood pressure. i.e., μ = 165
H1: The population mean is less than 165. i.e., μ < 165
Where,
x̄ is sample mean
μ is the population mean
s is sample standard deviation
n is the number of observations;
Python Code:
Compare the effectiveness of ammonium chloride and urea, on the grain yield of paddy, an experiment was conducted. The results are given below:
Ammonium
chloride (X1) |
13.4 | 10.9 | 11.2 | 11.8 | 14 | 15.3 | 14.2 | 12.6 | 17 | 16.2 | 16.5 | 15.7 |
Urea (X2) | 12 | 11.7 | 10.7 | 11.2 | 14.8 | 14.4 | 13.9 | 13.7 | 16.9 | 16 | 15.6 | 16 |
H0: The effect of ammonium chloride and urea on grain yield of paddy are equal i.e., μ1 = μ2
H1: The effect of ammonium chloride and urea on grain yield of paddy is not equal i.e., μ1 ≠ μ2
Where,
x̄1 and x̄2 are sample means for x1 and x2 respectively.
n1 and n2 are the numbers of observations in x1 and x2 respectively.
s1 and s2 are the sample standard deviation for x1 and x2 respectively.
Ammonium_chloride=[13.4,10.9,11.2,11.8,14,15.3,14.2,12.6,17,16.2,16.5,15.7] Urea=[12,11.7,10.7,11.2,14.8,14.4,13.9,13.7,16.9,16,15.6,16]
from scipy import stats t_value,p_value=stats.ttest_ind(Ammonium_chloride,Urea) print('Test statistic is %f'%float("{:.6f}".format(t_value))) print('p-value for two tailed test is %f'%p_value) alpha = 0.05 if p_value<=alpha: print('Conclusion','n','Since p-value(=%f)'%p_value,'<','alpha(=%.2f)'%alpha,'''We reject the null hypothesis H0. So we conclude that the effect of ammonium chloride and urea on grain yield of paddy are not equal i.e., μ1 = μ2 at %.2f level of significance.'''%alpha) else: print('Conclusion','n','Since p-value(=%f)'%p_value,'>','alpha(=%.2f)'%alpha,'''We do not reject the null hypothesis H0.
Eleven schoolboys were given a test in Statistics. They were given a Month’s tuition and a second test were held at the end of it. Do the marks give evidence that the students have benefited from the exam coaching?
Marks in 1st test: 23 20 19 21 18 20 18 17 23 16 19
Marks in 2nd test: 24 19 22 18 20 22 20 20 23 20 18
H0: The students have not benefited from the tuition class. i.e., d = 0
H1: The students have benefited from the tuition class. i.e., d < 0
Where, d = x-y; d is the difference between marks in the first test (say x) and marks in the second test (say y).
Test statistic
Where, n is the number of samples ‘s’ is sample standard deviation
alpha = 0.05 first_test =[23, 20, 19, 21, 18, 20, 18, 17, 23, 16, 19] second_test=[24, 19, 22, 18, 20, 22, 20, 20, 23, 20, 18]
from scipy import stats t_value,p_value=stats.ttest_rel(first_test,second_test) one_tailed_p_value=float("{:.6f}".format(p_value/2)) print('Test statistic is %f'%float("{:.6f}".format(t_value))) print('p-value for one_tailed_test is %f'%one_tailed_p_value) alpha = 0.05 if one_tailed_p_value<=alpha: print('Conclusion','n','Since p-value(=%f)'%one_tailed_p_value,'<','alpha(=%.2f)'%alpha,'''We reject the null hypothesis H0. So we conclude that the students have benefited by the tuition class. i.e., d = 0 at %.2f level of significance.'''%alpha) else: print('Conclusion','n','Since p-value(=%f)'%one_tailed_p_value,'>','alpha(=%.2f)'%alpha,'''We do not reject the null hypothesis H0. So we conclude that the students have not benefited by the tuition class. i.e., d = 0 at %.2f level of significance.'''%alpha)
Good to see our friends going higher and its a proud moment for me to learn from a friend instead of a tutor. Do more.
In the one tailed 1 sample test the print statement compares p_value with alpha while the if condition has only one tailed p value (pvalue/2) compared with alpha. Why state it that way when that comparison (pvalue vs alpha) was never made?