As we all know there are certain processes to analyze data. First, we define the problem then we mine the data and prepare the data for analysis. Before future engineering and model building, there is an important step.
Exploratory Data Analysis refers to the critical process of conducting initial research on data to discover patterns, detect anomalies, and check assumptions with the help of summary statistics and graphical representations. Exploratory Data Analysis is an important step before starting to analyze or modeling of the data. It provides the context needed to develop an appropriate model and interpret the results correctly.
Let look at a sample R implementation.
In this part, we discover the variable types and their summary statistics in the data. First, we upload the USArrests dataset in R. Then we print the dataset using “headTail” function which prints the first 4, and last 4 rows dataset in default.
Then we look types of the variables and summary statistics of the variables.
“glimpse” and “str” functions give us types of variables.
“profiling_num” function in funModeling library gives us detailed statistics like mean, standard deviation, skewness, kurtosis, interquartile range, etc.
Thus, while the urban population is left skewed, Rape is right skewed.
Thus, while the urban population distributes sharply, assault distribute flattened.
A combination of unusual values on at least two variables is a multivariate outlier. The effect of statistical studies can be affected by all kinds of outliers. They may distort the statistical analyses and violate their assumptions.
Let us show both multivariate and individual outliers.
“plot_outlier” function is very useful function in “dlookr” library. It shows Boxplots and histograms of all numeric variables with outlier and without the outlier. The reason for shows Boxplots is that they are very useful tools to visualize the outliers.
As seen in the plots only rape variables has outliers. Moreover, when we look at the histogram without outliers, its shape being more symmetric.
Let look at multivariate outliers. (it is very useful in multivariate analysis, just an example let us show it)
As seen there are 7 outliers in the data.
To proceed with statistical methods, it is important to evaluate normality. This assumption allows us to construct confidence intervals and conduct hypothesis tests. For normality checking, there is no best method that is correct in all conditions. It is very convenient to use graphical approaches to decide on multivariate normality, in addition to numerical results. It can be helpful to combine them to provide more accurate choices.
In this part, we can look at different graphs of variables and the relationship between variables visually. Let us write some research questions.
For this question, we can use map or bar plot.
R code for the plot in the below is:
For this question, we can draw an interactive plot like seen in the above to see the state names.
R codes for the interactive plot is:
Or, we can drow it using ggplot.
As seen there is a positive relationship between murder and assault.
Let look at correlation between variables. To look at this we can draw hat maps.
Positive correlations are shown in blue and negative correlations in red color. Color intensity is proportional to the correlation coefficients. When we look at the correlation matrix, it is seen that between some variables there is a strong positive relationship such as assault and rape, assault and murder.
To conclude, in this article, we examine the explanatory data analysis and which visualization types we can use for the explanatory data analysis. As stated above it is a very crucial step and it must be done before future engineering and model building to better understand data. You can access the codes from the link below.
https://github.com/iremtanriverdi/R_codes
The media shown in this article on Exploratory Data Analysis are not owned by Analytics Vidhya and is used at the Author’s discretion.
Exploratory Data Analysis using Data Visualizat...
Know the basics of Exploratory Data Analysis
Programming in R – From Variables to Visu...
Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) – A step ...
Introduction to Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA)
An Exploratory Data Analysis Guide for Beginners
Moments in Statistics – A Must Known Stat...
Importance of Skewness, Kurtosis, Co-efficient ...
Exploratory Data Analysis : A Beginners Guide T...
Effective Data Visualization Techniques in Data...
We use cookies essential for this site to function well. Please click to help us improve its usefulness with additional cookies. Learn about our use of cookies in our Privacy Policy & Cookies Policy.
Show details
This site uses cookies to ensure that you get the best experience possible. To learn more about how we use cookies, please refer to our Privacy Policy & Cookies Policy.
It is needed for personalizing the website.
Expiry: Session
Type: HTTP
This cookie is used to prevent Cross-site request forgery (often abbreviated as CSRF) attacks of the website
Expiry: Session
Type: HTTPS
Preserves the login/logout state of users across the whole site.
Expiry: Session
Type: HTTPS
Preserves users' states across page requests.
Expiry: Session
Type: HTTPS
Google One-Tap login adds this g_state cookie to set the user status on how they interact with the One-Tap modal.
Expiry: 365 days
Type: HTTP
Used by Microsoft Clarity, to store and track visits across websites.
Expiry: 1 Year
Type: HTTP
Used by Microsoft Clarity, Persists the Clarity User ID and preferences, unique to that site, on the browser. This ensures that behavior in subsequent visits to the same site will be attributed to the same user ID.
Expiry: 1 Year
Type: HTTP
Used by Microsoft Clarity, Connects multiple page views by a user into a single Clarity session recording.
Expiry: 1 Day
Type: HTTP
Collects user data is specifically adapted to the user or device. The user can also be followed outside of the loaded website, creating a picture of the visitor's behavior.
Expiry: 2 Years
Type: HTTP
Use to measure the use of the website for internal analytics
Expiry: 1 Years
Type: HTTP
The cookie is set by embedded Microsoft Clarity scripts. The purpose of this cookie is for heatmap and session recording.
Expiry: 1 Year
Type: HTTP
Collected user data is specifically adapted to the user or device. The user can also be followed outside of the loaded website, creating a picture of the visitor's behavior.
Expiry: 2 Months
Type: HTTP
This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. The cookie is used to store information of how visitors use a website and helps in creating an analytics report of how the website is doing. The data collected includes the number of visitors, the source where they have come from, and the pages visited in an anonymous form.
Expiry: 399 Days
Type: HTTP
Used by Google Analytics, to store and count pageviews.
Expiry: 399 Days
Type: HTTP
Used by Google Analytics to collect data on the number of times a user has visited the website as well as dates for the first and most recent visit.
Expiry: 1 Day
Type: HTTP
Used to send data to Google Analytics about the visitor's device and behavior. Tracks the visitor across devices and marketing channels.
Expiry: Session
Type: PIXEL
cookies ensure that requests within a browsing session are made by the user, and not by other sites.
Expiry: 6 Months
Type: HTTP
use the cookie when customers want to make a referral from their gmail contacts; it helps auth the gmail account.
Expiry: 2 Years
Type: HTTP
This cookie is set by DoubleClick (which is owned by Google) to determine if the website visitor's browser supports cookies.
Expiry: 1 Year
Type: HTTP
this is used to send push notification using webengage.
Expiry: 1 Year
Type: HTTP
used by webenage to track auth of webenagage.
Expiry: Session
Type: HTTP
Linkedin sets this cookie to registers statistical data on users' behavior on the website for internal analytics.
Expiry: 1 Day
Type: HTTP
Use to maintain an anonymous user session by the server.
Expiry: 1 Year
Type: HTTP
Used as part of the LinkedIn Remember Me feature and is set when a user clicks Remember Me on the device to make it easier for him or her to sign in to that device.
Expiry: 1 Year
Type: HTTP
Used to store information about the time a sync with the lms_analytics cookie took place for users in the Designated Countries.
Expiry: 6 Months
Type: HTTP
Used to store information about the time a sync with the AnalyticsSyncHistory cookie took place for users in the Designated Countries.
Expiry: 6 Months
Type: HTTP
Cookie used for Sign-in with Linkedin and/or to allow for the Linkedin follow feature.
Expiry: 6 Months
Type: HTTP
allow for the Linkedin follow feature.
Expiry: 1 Year
Type: HTTP
often used to identify you, including your name, interests, and previous activity.
Expiry: 2 Months
Type: HTTP
Tracks the time that the previous page took to load
Expiry: Session
Type: HTTP
Used to remember a user's language setting to ensure LinkedIn.com displays in the language selected by the user in their settings
Expiry: Session
Type: HTTP
Tracks percent of page viewed
Expiry: Session
Type: HTTP
Indicates the start of a session for Adobe Experience Cloud
Expiry: Session
Type: HTTP
Provides page name value (URL) for use by Adobe Analytics
Expiry: Session
Type: HTTP
Used to retain and fetch time since last visit in Adobe Analytics
Expiry: 6 Months
Type: HTTP
Remembers a user's display preference/theme setting
Expiry: 6 Months
Type: HTTP
Remembers which users have updated their display / theme preferences
Expiry: 6 Months
Type: HTTP
Used by Google Adsense, to store and track conversions.
Expiry: 3 Months
Type: HTTP
Save certain preferences, for example the number of search results per page or activation of the SafeSearch Filter. Adjusts the ads that appear in Google Search.
Expiry: 2 Years
Type: HTTP
Save certain preferences, for example the number of search results per page or activation of the SafeSearch Filter. Adjusts the ads that appear in Google Search.
Expiry: 2 Years
Type: HTTP
Save certain preferences, for example the number of search results per page or activation of the SafeSearch Filter. Adjusts the ads that appear in Google Search.
Expiry: 2 Years
Type: HTTP
Save certain preferences, for example the number of search results per page or activation of the SafeSearch Filter. Adjusts the ads that appear in Google Search.
Expiry: 2 Years
Type: HTTP
Save certain preferences, for example the number of search results per page or activation of the SafeSearch Filter. Adjusts the ads that appear in Google Search.
Expiry: 2 Years
Type: HTTP
Save certain preferences, for example the number of search results per page or activation of the SafeSearch Filter. Adjusts the ads that appear in Google Search.
Expiry: 2 Years
Type: HTTP
These cookies are used for the purpose of targeted advertising.
Expiry: 6 Hours
Type: HTTP
These cookies are used for the purpose of targeted advertising.
Expiry: 1 Month
Type: HTTP
These cookies are used to gather website statistics, and track conversion rates.
Expiry: 1 Month
Type: HTTP
Aggregate analysis of website visitors
Expiry: 6 Months
Type: HTTP
This cookie is set by Facebook to deliver advertisements when they are on Facebook or a digital platform powered by Facebook advertising after visiting this website.
Expiry: 4 Months
Type: HTTP
Contains a unique browser and user ID, used for targeted advertising.
Expiry: 2 Months
Type: HTTP
Used by LinkedIn to track the use of embedded services.
Expiry: 1 Year
Type: HTTP
Used by LinkedIn for tracking the use of embedded services.
Expiry: 1 Day
Type: HTTP
Used by LinkedIn to track the use of embedded services.
Expiry: 6 Months
Type: HTTP
Use these cookies to assign a unique ID when users visit a website.
Expiry: 6 Months
Type: HTTP
These cookies are set by LinkedIn for advertising purposes, including: tracking visitors so that more relevant ads can be presented, allowing users to use the 'Apply with LinkedIn' or the 'Sign-in with LinkedIn' functions, collecting information about how visitors use the site, etc.
Expiry: 6 Months
Type: HTTP
Used to make a probabilistic match of a user's identity outside the Designated Countries
Expiry: 90 Days
Type: HTTP
Used to collect information for analytics purposes.
Expiry: 1 year
Type: HTTP
Used to store session ID for a users session to ensure that clicks from adverts on the Bing search engine are verified for reporting purposes and for personalisation
Expiry: 1 Day
Type: HTTP
Cookie declaration last updated on 24/03/2023 by Analytics Vidhya.
Cookies are small text files that can be used by websites to make a user's experience more efficient. The law states that we can store cookies on your device if they are strictly necessary for the operation of this site. For all other types of cookies, we need your permission. This site uses different types of cookies. Some cookies are placed by third-party services that appear on our pages. Learn more about who we are, how you can contact us, and how we process personal data in our Privacy Policy.
Edit
Resend OTP
Resend OTP in 45s